W?t? is the common name for a group of about 70 insect species in the families Anostostomatidae and Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to New Zealand.
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General characteristics
Many w?t? are large by insect standards and some species are among the largest and heaviest in the world. Their physical appearance is like a katydid, long-horned grasshopper, or cricket, but the hind legs are enlarged and usually very spiny. Many are wingless. Because they can cope with variations in temperature, w?t? are found in a variety of environments, including alpine, forests, grasslands, caves, shrub lands and urban gardens. They are nocturnal, and all New Zealand species are flightless. Different species have different diets. Most w?t? are predators or omnivores preying on other invertebrates, but the tree and giant w?t? eat mostly lichens, leaves, flowers, seed-heads, and fruit.
Male giant w?t? (Deinacrida sp.) are smaller than females and they show scramble competition for mates. Tree w?t? (Hemideina sp) males have larger heads than females and a polygynandrous mating system with harem formation and male-male competition for mates. Ground w?t? (Hemiandrus sp.) males provide nuptial food gifts when mating and females of some species provide maternal care. W?t? eggs are laid in soil over the autumn and winter months and hatch the following spring. A w?t? takes between one and two years to reach adulthood, and over this time will have to shed its skin around ten times as it grows.
W?t? can bite with powerful mandibles. Tree w?t? bites are painful but not particularly common. Tree w?t? lift their hind legs in a defence displays to look large and spiky, but they will retreat if given a chance. Tree w?t? raise their hind legs into the air in warning to foes, and then bring them down to stridulate. Pegs or ridges at the base of the abdomen are struck by a patch of fine pegs at the base (inner surface) of the legs and this action makes a distinctive sound. These actions are also used in defence of a gallery by competing males. The female w?t? looks as if she has a stinger, but it is an ovipositor, which enables her to lay eggs inside rotting or mossy wood or soil. Some species of Hemiandrus have very short ovipositors, related perhaps to their burrowing into soil and laying their eggs in a special chamber at the end of the burrow.
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Taxonomy and evolution
Fossilized orthopterans have been found in Russia, China, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, but the relationships are open to different interpretations by scientists. Most w?t? of both families are found in the Southern Hemisphere. W?t? were probably present in ancient Gondwanaland before Zealandia separated from it, although this does not explain their presence in New Zealand. Rhaphidophoridae dispersed over sea to colonise the Chatham Islands. Although they are of an ancient lineage, the present species are quite young, which conflicts with those earlier ideas about dispersal of w?t? forebears around the Southern Hemisphere (Wallis et al. 2000).
Giant, tree, ground, and tusked w?t? are all members of the family Anostostomatidae (formerly in the Stenopelmatidae, but recently separated). Cave w?t? are better referred to as tokoriro, since they are members of the family Rhaphidophoridae, called cave crickets or camel crickets elsewhere, in a different ensiferan superfamily. In New Zealand there were as of 2014 19 genera of tokoriri, and their taxonomy is under review.
There are other genera in the same superfamily (Stenopelmatoidea) in the southwest of America. These are Jerusalem crickets belonging to the family Stenopelmatidae.
Species
Giant w?t?
The 11 species of giant w?t? (Deinacrida spp.) are endemic to New Zealand. Giant w?t? are large by insect standards. They are heavy herbivorous Orthoptera with a body length of up to 100 mm (3.9 in) excluding their lengthy legs and antennae, and weigh about 20-30 g. A captive giant w?t? (Deinacrida heteracantha) filled with eggs reached a record 70 g, making it one of the heaviest documented insects in the world and heavier than a sparrow. The largest species of giant w?t? is the Little Barrier Island w?t?, also known as the w?t?punga. Giant w?t? tend to be less social and more passive than tree w?t? (Hemideina spp.). They are classified in the genus Deinacrida, which is Greek for "terrible grasshopper". They are found primarily on small islands off the coast of the main islands or at high elevation on New Zealand's South Island, and are sometimes considered examples of island gigantism.
Tree w?t?
Tree w?t? (Hemideina) are commonly encountered in suburban settings in New Zealand's North Island. They are up to 40 mm long and most commonly live in holes in trees formed by beetle and moth larvae or where rot has set in after a twig has broken off. The hole, called a gallery, is maintained by the w?t? and any growth of the bark surrounding the opening is chewed away. They readily occupy a preformed gallery in a piece of wood (a "w?t? motel") and can be kept in a suburban garden as pets. A gallery might house a harem of up to 10 adult females and one male. Tree w?t? are nocturnal. Their diet consists of plants and small insects. The males have much larger jaws than the females, though both sexes will stridulate and bite when threatened.
The seven species of tree w?t? are:
- The Auckland tree w?t? Hemideina thoracica can be found throughout the North Island apart from the Wellington-Wairarapa region. Within this range are seven chromosome races.
- The Wellington tree w?t? Hemideina crassidens occupies Wellington, the Wairarapa, the northern parts of the South Island, and the West Coast.
- Hemideina trewicki is found in Hawke's Bay.
- H. femorata is found in Marlborough and Canterbury.
- The rare H. ricta species occurs in Banks Peninsula.
- The West Coast bush w?t? H. broughi largely overlaps with the Wellington tree w?t? in Nelson and the northern portion of the West Coast.
- H. maori, the mountain stone w?t?, lives above the tree line in the Southern Alps.
The North Island species each have a distinctive set of chromosomes (karyotype). When the territories of species overlap, as with the related species H. femorata and H. ricta on Banks Peninsula, they may interbreed, although offspring are sterile.
Tusked w?t?
Tusked w?t? are characterised by long, curved tusks projecting forward from the male's mandibles. The tusks are used in male-to-male combat, not for biting. Female tusked w?t? look similar to ground w?t?. Tusked w?t? are mainly carnivorous, eating worms and insects. There are three known species in two different subfamilies: the Northland tusked w?t? Anisoura nicobarica (originally described as a ground w?t?, Hemiandrus monstrosus), in the subfamily Deinacridinae; the Mercury Islands tusked w?t? Motuw?t? isolata; and the most recently discovered, the Raukumara tusked w?t? Motuw?t? riparia. Motuweta is in the same subfamily as ground w?t?, Anostostomatinae.
The Northland tusked w?t? lives in tree holes, similar to tree w?t?. The Mercury Islands or Middle Island tusked w?t? was discovered in 1970. It is a ground-dwelling w?t?, entombing itself in shallow burrows during the day, and is critically endangered: a Department of Conservation breeding programme has established new colonies on other islands in the Mercury group. The Raukumara tusked w?t? was discovered in 1996, in the Raukumara Range near the Bay of Plenty. It has the unusual habit of diving into streams and hiding underwater for up to three minutes if threatened.
Ground w?t?
Ground w?t? are classified in the genus Hemiandrus. About 40 species of ground w?t? occur in New Zealand, and several very similar ones are found in Australia. They are also very like the Californian Cnemotettix--a similarity perhaps due to their very similar habits and habitat. Most of the Hemiandrus species have not been described. They hide in burrows in the ground during the day, and those that live in open ground (e.g., H. focalis) conceal their exit holes with a specially made perforated door. During the night, ground w?t? hunt invertebrate prey and eat fruit.
Cave w?t?
The 60 species of cave w?t? or tokoriro are only very distant relatives of the other types of w?t?, being classified in several genera of subfamily Macropathinae in family Rhaphidophoridae.
They have extra-long antennae, and may have long, slender legs and a passive demeanour. Although they have no hearing organs on their front legs like species of Hemideina and Deinacrida, some (such as Talitropsis) are very sensitive to ground vibrations sensed through pads on their feet. Specialised hairs on the cerci and organs on the antennae are also sensitive to low-frequency vibrations in the air.
Although some do live in caves, most species live in the forest among leaf litter, logs, tree holes and amongst broken rocks. Cave-dwelling species may be active within the confines of their caves during the daytime, and those individuals close to cave entrances venture outside at night.
Conservation
Although w?t? had native predators in the form of birds (especially the weka and kiwi), reptiles, and bats before the arrival of humans, introduced species such as cats, hedgehogs, rats (including kiore) and mustelids have caused a sharp increase in the rate of predation. They are also vulnerable to habitat destruction caused by humans and modification of their habitat caused by introduced browsers. New Zealand's Department of Conservation considers 16 of the 70 species at risk. Programmes to prevent extinctions have been implemented since the 1970s.
Some examples of especially endangered species are tracked by radio beacons.
References
Further reading
- Wallis, G. P.; Morgan-Richards, M.; Trewick, S.A. (2000). "Phylogeographical pattern correlates with Pliocene mountain building in the alpine scree weta (Orthoptera, Anostostomatidae)". Molecular Ecology. 9 (6): 657-666. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00905.x. PMID 10849282.
- Sherley, Greg H (1998). "Threatened Weta Recovery Plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
- Bleakley, Craig; Stringer, Ian; Robertson, Alastair; Hedderley, Duncan (2006). Design and use of artificial refuges for monitoring adult tree weta, Hemideina crassidens and H. thoracica. Wellington, N.Z.: Science & Technical Pub., Dept. of Conservation. ISBN 9780478140620.
- Salmon, John T. (1956). "A Key to the Tree and Ground Wetas of New Zealand". Tuatara. 6 (1): 19-23.
- Ramløv, H. (2000) Aspects of cold tolerance in ectothermic animals. Journal of Human Reproduction. 15 (Suppl. 5): 26-46.
External links
- W?t? at the New Zealand Department of Conservation
- W?t? in Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- Weta Geta - a comprehensive guide to New Zealand Orthoptera
Source of article : Wikipedia
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