Eating insects is called entomophagy. Insects have been a food source for millions of years. However, they are not currently used in most pet foods. There are many benefits to using insects in pet goods, including implications for the environment and sustainability. There is potential for growth in the pet food industry, with many insect species having the ability to be used as a novel protein source. There are also alternate uses for insects, such as control of hypertension and antioxidant properties. A limited number of products are available on the market, including cat food, dog food, and pet treats.
Video Insect based pet food
Basis for using insects in feed
Environment and sustainability
As global populations rise, food demand is becoming an increasingly important issue. Raising conventional livestock requires resources such as land and water, of which availability is concurrently decreasing. As a result, the ability to meet the needs of the growing population may require alternative sources of quality protein As the global population rises there is an increasing demand for animal based proteins that will require the use of alternative and sustainable sources for pet food as well. Pets play an important role in society, providing companionship and support, and owning pets has been linked to reduced incidence of heart disease, stress and depression. The popularity of pet ownership is increasing, and with this is a trend of humanization. People are increasingly demanding pet food ingredients that they believe are healthy. This creates a competition with the human food chain for quality protein sources. Producing insect protein through other agricultural practices requires considerably less resources than traditional livestock. The production of insects also produces lower greenhouse gases and ammonia than traditional livestock species. Insects also have the ability to feed on organic waste products such as vegetable, restaurant and animal waste therefore reducing the amount of excess food produced by humans. Insects are very efficient at converting feed into protein, as they require less feed than traditional livestock. Furthermore, water conservation is also accomplished as insects are cold blooded and are able to meet water requirements through their feed. Thus, insects may be an acceptable source of protein for pets. To learn more about sustainability of insect rearing, see Insect Farming.
Frequently consumed insect species
There are quite a few debated estimates of numbers of edible insect species ranging from 1000 to 1900 species globally. Order of most consumed species of insect varies by region due to different environment, ecosystems, and climate. The table below lists top five insects consumed by humans worldwide, retrieved from Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security by Arnold van Huis, Joost Van Itterbeeck, Harmke Klunder, Esther Mertens, Afton Halloran, Giulia Muir and Paul Vantomme.
Black-soldier flies, common house fly larvae and yellow meal worms are some of the most common insects in animal feed production. Black soldier flies and common house flies often reside in manure piles and in organic wastes. Farming these insects could promote better manure and organic waste management, while providing nutritious feed ingredient to pets and livestock.
Aside from nutritional composition and digestibility, insects are also selected for ease of rearing by the producer. This includes susceptibility to disease, efficiency of feed conversion, developmental rate and generational turnover.
Oonincx et al. (2015), did a study called Feed Conversion, Survival and Development, and Composition of Four Insect Species on Diets Composed of Food By-Products. In this study they compared insect species based on five different parameters, and the following data is taken directly from the study:
Survival rate (%), development time (days), feed conversion ratio (FCR), dry matter conversion of ingested food (EIC, %), and nitrogen efficiency (N-ECI, %). Values indicate the mean =/- the standard deviation. Superscripts indicate significant differences.
HPHF = high protein, high fat; HPLF = high protein, low fat; LPHF = low protein, high fat; LPLF = low protein, low fat, C= carrot supplementation
Insects as a novel protein source for pet food
A challenge that is presented when feeding companion animals with food intolerance or sensitivities is finding protein sources that will not irritate their gastrointestinal tracts. Animal protein is a major cause of gastrointestinal problems, and insect protein may be an alternative source for these pets. Insects have the potential to be used as a novel protein in diets for sensitive animals. A novel protein is a protein source that the animal has not had any previous exposure to. There are some risks to using novel protein sources such as contaminants, antinutritional factors (ANFs), allergens which are not well known.
Nutrients and palatability
Insects have a high palatability to companion and livestock animals as well as a good amino acid profile, where some species are comparable to chicken or soybean meal. They also have been shown to be highly digestible.
Bosch et al. did a studythat was published in the Journal of Nutritional Science in 2014 titled Protein quality of insects as potential ingredients for dog and cat foods. This is a table of data from the study:
- CP, crude protein; HFp, housefly pupae; BSFl and BSFp, black soldier fly larvae and pupae; HC, house cricket; YMW, yellow mealworm; LMW, lesser mealworm; MW, Morio worm; SSR, six spot roach; DHC, death's head cockroach; ACR, Argentinean cockroach; PMM, poultry meat meal; FM, fish meal; SBM, soyabean meal; tIAA, total indispensable amino acids.
The black soldier fly can be manipulated to increase or decrease a certain nutrient based on the diet they consume and environmental conditions. This allows producers to use these insects for a variety of different animals.
When referring specifically to dog and cat nutrition, the use of alternative protein sources must be able to deliver the ten essential amino acids (EAA) that are not synthesized from the body (including Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp and Val). One additional amino acid which is specific to cats who are obligate carnivores by nature is Taurine. This requirement is based off the low enzymatic action of cysteine dioxygenase and cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase within feline metabolism, where the competing pathway of pyruvate for an energy source overrides taurine synthesis. McCuster et al. created a study to identify amino acid composition of different insects, specifically addressing the presence of taurine in comparison to the National Research Council's (NRC) minimal requirements (MR) for the dog and cat. This study titled Amino acid content of selected plant, algae and insect species: a search for alternative protein sources for use in pet foods was published in 2014 in the Journal of Nutritional Science and provided the following table of data:
- CP, Crude protein; NRC MR, National Research Council Minimal Requirement; NR, not required (taurine not an essential amino acid in the dog); NA, not adequate sample for analysis
- Amino acids measured on a mg/g DM basis
The results demonstrated that all evaluated insects met the canine and feline MR for growth of the NRC for EAA and CP with exception to the black soldier fly in regards to taurine, where composition was lower than recommended.
Maps Insect based pet food
Applications of insect protein in other fields
As ACE inhibitory peptides
Hypertension is one of the risk factors that is considered to affect health. Hypertension can be partially controlled by diet, which contains angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. ACE increases blood pressure in two ways: active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and vasodilator bradykinin. This inhibitory peptides has ability to regulate blood pressure. A study conducted by Vercruysse et al hydroysed ACE inhibitory peptides from cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis showed antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
As antioxidants
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can contribute to tissue damage by producing free radicals from a chemical reaction called oxidation. In normal circumstances, free radicals can be removed to a level that would not damage tissues by the body's own antioxidant enzymes or peptides. Tissue or cell damage can occur when production of ROS exceeds the capacity of a body to remove it. Hence, supplying antioxidants via diet can help alleviate this stress by providing cells protection against free radicals. Some insect peptides have exhibited the ability to act as antioxidants, and even greater capacity than some plants or animal products in simulated gastrointestinal tract environment.
Regulations for pet food ingredients
Aside from the CFIA, which makes the use of specified risk materials illegal, pet food ingredients do not need to be approved by any regulatory body in Canada. However, if manufacturers plan to expand into the U.S. market, they must adhere to regulations imposed by each state, or comply with guidelines established by the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). These guidelines will provide country-wide acceptable ingredients, and nutritional recommendations based on research collected by the National Research Council (NRC). Currently AAFCO has not approved the use of insects in pet food, which is why there are no insect based diets on the US market. Only one insect has officially been defined by AAFCO as an animal feed ingredient, dried Black Soldier Fly larvae (AAFCO #T60.117), but it is currently restricted to salmon feed. The limited number of pet foods currently on the market is in part a result of the stringent and lengthy process of new ingredient approval by AAFCO. This process includes providing detailed information about the ingredient which may include a proposed definition, a description of the ingredient, prior sanctioned use, a description of the manufacturing process, and data and observations to support the intended use. AAFCO then coordinates with the Centre for Veterinary Medicine FDA which acts to determine the safety and efficacy of the novel ingredient. If the ingredient is approved by the FDA, it must also get approval by the AAFCO Ingredients Definition Committee and then must be voted on by the AAFCO board. The novel ingredient definition will then be published in the official AAFCO publication. Pet treats however, are not regulated by AAFCO and insect based treats are currently sold in the United States.
The use of insects in feed in the European Union was previously prohibited under an act called "TSE Regulation" (Article 7 and Annex IV of Regulation 999/2001) that bans the use of animal protein in animal feed. In July 2017 this regulation was revised and partially lifts the ban on animal proteins, allowing insects to be included in fish feed. This was coupled with another change that reclassified insects in the European Union (EU) catalogue of feed materials. This change specifically references to fats and proteins from insects instead of classifying them under a broad title of animal products. Due to this change, producers now must list the species and life stage of the insect on their product. Novel pet food ingredients in Europe must also follow certain stringent regulations, making approval of new ingredients a lengthy process. Novel ingredients must undergo scientific assessment before considered safe for consumption, and a safety assessment report must be completed for ingredient authorization. In addition, all pet food animal products must be considered fit for human food consumption, a measure put into place to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases, and plants that will be manufacturing the pet food must be authorized under two of the EU legislature bodies. To learn more about labelling and regulations of pet food, see Pet Food.
Challenges and safety concerns
In spite of all the advantages that insect protein are provided, there are some potential challenges caused by production and safety concerns.
Mass production in the insect industry is a concern due to a lack of technology and funds to efficiently harvest, and produce insects. The machinery would have to house proper enclosure for each life cycle of the insect as well as the temperature control as that is key for insect development.
The industry also has to consider the shelf life of insects in companion animal products as that some can have food safety concerns. Insects have the capability of accumulating potential hazards, such as contaminants, pathogens, the concentration of heavy metals, allergens, and pesticides etc.
Table below combined the data from two studies published in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, and summarized the potential hazards of the top five insect species consumed by humans.
Hazards in insects that are shown above can be controlled by various ways. Allergic hazard can be labelled on the package to avoid consumed by the allergy susceptible consumers. Selective farming can be used to minimize chemical hazard, whereas microbial and parasitical hazard can be controlled by cooking processes.
Insect based products on the market
Farm animal feed
Insect based diets have been studied in pigs, poultry and fish. For monogastric farm animals, such as swine and poultry, replacing their conventional formula entirely with insects can result to decrease in performance and growth as insect meal contain high levels of ash. However, insects can also provide as much essential amino acids for swine and poultry that can potentially replace soybean meal in a diet. Inclusion of black soldier fly larvae in a diet for fish farming gave positive effect with no difference in odor and texture.
Complete diets
The use of insects in dog and cat feed is a new and developing market, resulting in a lack of commercially available diets. Due to AAFCO regulations, the diets that are available are not based out of the United States.
References
Source of article : Wikipedia
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